phenotypic.detect.CannyDetector

class phenotypic.detect.CannyDetector(*, sigma: Annotated[float, Gt(gt=0.0), TuneSpec(low=0.5, high=3.0, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)] = 1.0, low_threshold: Annotated[float, TuneSpec(low=0.05, high=0.2, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)] = 0.1, high_threshold: Annotated[float, TuneSpec(low=0.2, high=0.4, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)] = 0.2, use_quantiles: bool = True, min_size: Annotated[int, Ge(ge=1), TuneSpec(low=20, high=500, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)] = 50, invert_edges: bool = True, connectivity: Annotated[int, Ge(ge=1), Le(le=2), TuneSpec(low=None, high=None, step=None, log=False, categories=1, 2, tunable=True)] = 2)

Bases: ThresholdDetector

Detect colonies by tracing edges and labelling connected regions.

Applies multi-stage Canny edge detection — Gaussian smoothing, gradient estimation, non-maximum suppression, and dual-threshold hysteresis — to produce thin edge pixels, then labels connected components of either the inverted edge map or the edge map itself. This does not explicitly close contours or fill interiors; colony-sized regions are recovered only when edges form useful barriers and size filtering removes background regions. Because detection relies on boundary contrast rather than absolute intensity, it can remain useful on plates with uneven illumination or translucent colonies. For a full comparison of detection strategies, see Detection Strategies Compared.

Best For:

• Well-separated colonies on solid media where colony edges are sharper than the intensity difference relative to background.

• Translucent or lightly pigmented colonies that lack sufficient intensity contrast for threshold-based methods.

• Plates with heterogeneous colony texture or pigmentation that cause intensity-based methods to fragment objects.

• Images with moderate vignetting where edge contrast is preserved even though absolute intensity varies across the plate.

Consider Also:

• OtsuDetector when colonies differ from background primarily in brightness rather than edge contrast.

• WatershedDetector when touching colonies must be separated by region-growing from interior distance-transform seeds.

• HysteresisDetector when dual-threshold intensity segmentation is preferred over edge-based detection.

Parameters:

• sigma (Annotated[float, Gt(gt=0.0), TuneSpec(low=0.5, high=3.0, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)]) – Standard deviation of the Gaussian pre-smoothing kernel in pixels. Larger values suppress high-frequency noise but broaden edge profiles and may merge boundaries of closely spaced colonies. Typical range: 0.5–3.0. Default: 1.0. A reasonable starting point for noisy CCD images or plates with fine colony texture is 2.0–3.0.

• low_threshold (Annotated[float, TuneSpec(low=0.05, high=0.2, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)]) – Lower hysteresis gate. When use_quantiles is True, interpreted as a fractional rank of gradient magnitudes (0.1 retains edges stronger than 10 % of all measured gradients). When False, an absolute gradient value requiring per-setup calibration. Raise to prune weak noise-driven edge fragments; lower to recover faint boundaries on low-contrast colonies. Typical quantile range: 0.05–0.2. Default: 0.1.

• high_threshold (Annotated[float, TuneSpec(low=0.2, high=0.4, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)]) – Upper hysteresis gate that seeds new edge chains. Must exceed low_threshold. A higher value seeds fewer but more confident edge segments; a lower value seeds more chains at the risk of noise-seeded spurious regions. A 2:1 to 3:1 high-to-low ratio is effective for moderately noisy images. Typical quantile range: 0.1–0.4. Default: 0.2.

• use_quantiles (bool) – When True (default), thresholds are interpreted as gradient-magnitude percentile ranks, adapting automatically to image contrast across batches with variable scanner gain or illumination. When False, thresholds are absolute gradient values for tightly controlled imaging conditions. Default: True.

• min_size (Annotated[int, Ge(ge=1), TuneSpec(low=20, high=500, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)]) – Minimum connected-region area in pixels. Regions smaller than this are discarded as dust, debris, or condensation droplets after labelling. Typical range: 20–500 px, scaling with image resolution. Default: 50.

• invert_edges (bool) – When True (default), the binary edge map is inverted before labelling so that non-edge regions can become colony objects. Set to False to label the edge pixels themselves, which is useful for inspecting edge closure and gap locations during parameter tuning. Default: True.

• connectivity (Annotated[int, Ge(ge=1), Le(le=2), TuneSpec(low=None, high=None, step=None, log=False, categories=(1, 2), tunable=True)]) – Pixel connectivity for connected-component labelling. 1 for 4-connectivity; 2 for 8-connectivity. Use 2 (default) to bridge single-pixel diagonal gaps in Canny edge contours, preventing spurious region splits at diagonal steps. Default: 2.

Returns:

Input image with objmap set to a labelled colony map where each retained connected region receives a unique integer label, and objmask derived from the non-zero entries of that map.

Return type:

Image

Raises:

ValueError – If high_threshold is less than low_threshold.

References

[1] J. Canny, “A computational approach to edge detection,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 679–698, Nov. 1986.

See also

Tutorial 2: Detecting Colonies for a step-by-step tutorial demonstrating colony detection on real plate images. How To: Choose a Detection Algorithm for a guide to selecting the right detector for your plate images. Detection Strategies Compared for an in-depth comparison of all detection strategies and their failure modes.

Methods

__init__	Create a new model by parsing and validating input data from keyword arguments.
apply	Detect colonies using sinusoidal cross-correlation grid estimation.
construct
copy	Returns a copy of the model.
dict
from_json	Reconstruct an operation from JSON written by to_json().
from_orm
json
model_construct	Creates a new instance of the Model class with validated data.
model_copy	!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
model_dump	!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
model_dump_json	!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
model_json_schema	Generates a JSON schema for a model class.
model_parametrized_name	Compute the class name for parametrizations of generic classes.
model_post_init	Initialize logging and memory tracking after model construction.
model_rebuild	Try to rebuild the pydantic-core schema for the model.
model_validate	Validate a pydantic model instance.
model_validate_json	!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
model_validate_strings	Validate the given object with string data against the Pydantic model.
parse_file
parse_obj
parse_raw
schema
schema_json
to_json	Serialize this operation to JSON.
update_forward_refs
validate
widget	Return (and optionally display) the root widget.

Attributes

model_computed_fields
model_config	Configuration for the model, should be a dictionary conforming to [ConfigDict][pydantic.config.ConfigDict].
model_extra	Get extra fields set during validation.
model_fields
model_fields_set	Returns the set of fields that have been explicitly set on this model instance.
sigma
low_threshold
high_threshold
use_quantiles
min_size
invert_edges
connectivity

sigma: Annotated[float, TuneSpec(0.5, 3.0)]

low_threshold: Annotated[float, TuneSpec(0.05, 0.2)]

high_threshold: Annotated[float, TuneSpec(0.2, 0.4)]

use_quantiles: bool

min_size: Annotated[int, TuneSpec(20, 500)]

invert_edges: bool

connectivity: Annotated[int, TuneSpec(categories=[1, 2])]

__copy__() → Self

Returns a shallow copy of the model.

Return type:

Self

__deepcopy__(memo: dict[int, Any] | None = None) → Self

Returns a deep copy of the model.

Parameters:

memo (dict[int, Any] | None)

Return type:

Self

__del__()

Automatically stop tracemalloc when the object is deleted.

classmethod __get_pydantic_json_schema__(core_schema: CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler, /) → JsonSchemaValue

Hook into generating the model’s JSON schema.

Parameters:

• core_schema (CoreSchema) – A pydantic-core CoreSchema. You can ignore this argument and call the handler with a new CoreSchema, wrap this CoreSchema ({‘type’: ‘nullable’, ‘schema’: current_schema}), or just call the handler with the original schema.

• handler (GetJsonSchemaHandler) – Call into Pydantic’s internal JSON schema generation. This will raise a pydantic.errors.PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema if JSON schema generation fails. Since this gets called by BaseModel.model_json_schema you can override the schema_generator argument to that function to change JSON schema generation globally for a type.

Returns:

A JSON schema, as a Python object.

Return type:

JsonSchemaValue

__init__(**data: Any) → None

Create a new model by parsing and validating input data from keyword arguments.

Raises [ValidationError][pydantic_core.ValidationError] if the input data cannot be validated to form a valid model.

self is explicitly positional-only to allow self as a field name.

Parameters:

data (Any)

Return type:

None

__iter__() → Generator[tuple[str, Any], None, None]

So dict(model) works.

Return type:

Generator[tuple[str, Any], None, None]

__pretty__(fmt: Callable[[Any], Any], **kwargs: Any) → Generator[Any]

Used by devtools (https://python-devtools.helpmanual.io/) to pretty print objects.

Parameters:

• fmt (Callable[[Any], Any])

• kwargs (Any)

Return type:

Generator[Any]

classmethod __pydantic_init_subclass__(**kwargs: Any) → None

Populate field descriptions from the subclass docstring.

Runs once per concrete subclass after pydantic has built its model. Copies parameter descriptions parsed from the Google-style Args: docstring block onto each field’s description slot so they surface in model_json_schema() — the machine-readable contract used by downstream tooling (e.g. an MCP server).

Parameters:

**kwargs (Any) – Class-keyword arguments forwarded by pydantic.

Return type:

None

classmethod __pydantic_on_complete__() → None

This is called once the class and its fields are fully initialized and ready to be used.

This typically happens when the class is created (just before [__pydantic_init_subclass__()][pydantic.main.BaseModel.__pydantic_init_subclass__] is called on the superclass), except when forward annotations are used that could not immediately be resolved. In that case, it will be called later, when the model is rebuilt automatically or explicitly using [model_rebuild()][pydantic.main.BaseModel.model_rebuild].

Return type:

None

__repr_name__() → str

Name of the instance’s class, used in __repr__.

Return type:

str

__repr_recursion__(object: Any) → str

Returns the string representation of a recursive object.

Parameters:

object (Any)

Return type:

str

__rich_repr__() → RichReprResult

Used by Rich (https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/stable/pretty.html) to pretty print objects.

Return type:

RichReprResult

apply(image, inplace=False)

Detect colonies using sinusoidal cross-correlation grid estimation.

This method performs the core detection workflow: 1. Extract grid dimensions (if GridImage) 2. Threshold the detection matrix with adaptive kernel sizing 3. Remove noise if requested 4. Label connected components 5. Determine or estimate grid edges (via sinusoidal cross-correlation) 6. Assign dominant colonies to grid cells 7. Create final object map

Parameters:

image – Image object to process. Can be a regular Image or GridImage.

Returns:

The processed image with updated objmask and objmap.

Return type:

Image

classmethod construct(_fields_set: set[str] | None = None, **values: Any) → Self

Parameters:

• _fields_set (set[str] | None)

• values (Any)

Return type:

Self

copy(*, include: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None = None, exclude: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None = None, update: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, deep: bool = False) → Self

Returns a copy of the model.

!!! warning “Deprecated”

This method is now deprecated; use model_copy instead.

If you need include or exclude, use:

`python {test="skip" lint="skip"} data = self.model_dump(include=include, exclude=exclude, round_trip=True) data = {**data, **(update or {})} copied = self.model_validate(data) `

Parameters:

• include (AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None) – Optional set or mapping specifying which fields to include in the copied model.

• exclude (AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None) – Optional set or mapping specifying which fields to exclude in the copied model.

• update (Dict[str, Any] | None) – Optional dictionary of field-value pairs to override field values in the copied model.

• deep (bool) – If True, the values of fields that are Pydantic models will be deep-copied.

Returns:

A copy of the model with included, excluded and updated fields as specified.

Return type:

Self

dict(*, include: set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None = None, exclude: set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None = None, by_alias: bool = False, exclude_unset: bool = False, exclude_defaults: bool = False, exclude_none: bool = False) → Dict[str, Any]

Parameters:

• include (set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None)

• exclude (set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None)

• by_alias (bool)

• exclude_unset (bool)

• exclude_defaults (bool)

• exclude_none (bool)

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

classmethod from_json(json_data: str | Path | dict) → BaseOperation

Reconstruct an operation from JSON written by to_json().

Accepts a JSON string, a path to a JSON file, or a pre-parsed envelope dict (same input handling as ImagePipeline.from_json()). Polymorphic: ImageOperation.from_json(path) returns whatever concrete operation the file holds. When called on a narrower subclass, the resolved class must be a subclass of it, else a TypeError is raised.

Parameters:

json_data (str | Path | dict) – A JSON string, path to a JSON file, or envelope dict.

Returns:

The reconstructed operation instance.

Raises:

• AttributeError – If the recorded class cannot be resolved in the phenotypic namespace.

• TypeError – If called on a concrete subclass and the file holds a class that is not a subclass of it.

Return type:

BaseOperation

Example

>>> import tempfile
>>> from pathlib import Path
>>> from phenotypic.abc_ import ImageOperation
>>> from phenotypic.detect import OtsuDetector
>>> with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
...     p = Path(d) / "op.json"
...     OtsuDetector().to_json(p)
...     loaded = ImageOperation.from_json(p)  # polymorphic
>>> type(loaded).__name__
'OtsuDetector'

classmethod from_orm(obj: Any) → Self

Parameters:

obj (Any)

Return type:

Self

json(*, include: set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None = None, exclude: set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None = None, by_alias: bool = False, exclude_unset: bool = False, exclude_defaults: bool = False, exclude_none: bool = False, encoder: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = PydanticUndefined, models_as_dict: bool = PydanticUndefined, **dumps_kwargs: Any) → str

Parameters:

• include (set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None)

• exclude (set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None)

• by_alias (bool)

• exclude_unset (bool)

• exclude_defaults (bool)

• exclude_none (bool)

• encoder (Callable[[Any], Any] | None)

• models_as_dict (bool)

• dumps_kwargs (Any)

Return type:

str

model_computed_fields = {}

model_config: ClassVar[ConfigDict] = {'arbitrary_types_allowed': True, 'extra': 'forbid', 'validate_assignment': True}

Configuration for the model, should be a dictionary conforming to [ConfigDict][pydantic.config.ConfigDict].

classmethod model_construct(_fields_set: set[str] | None = None, **values: Any) → Self

Creates a new instance of the Model class with validated data.

Creates a new model setting __dict__ and __pydantic_fields_set__ from trusted or pre-validated data. Default values are respected, but no other validation is performed.

!!! note

model_construct() generally respects the model_config.extra setting on the provided model. That is, if model_config.extra == ‘allow’, then all extra passed values are added to the model instance’s __dict__ and __pydantic_extra__ fields. If model_config.extra == ‘ignore’ (the default), then all extra passed values are ignored. Because no validation is performed with a call to model_construct(), having model_config.extra == ‘forbid’ does not result in an error if extra values are passed, but they will be ignored.

Parameters:

• _fields_set (set[str] | None) – A set of field names that were originally explicitly set during instantiation. If provided, this is directly used for the [model_fields_set][pydantic.BaseModel.model_fields_set] attribute. Otherwise, the field names from the values argument will be used.

• values (Any) – Trusted or pre-validated data dictionary.

Returns:

A new instance of the Model class with validated data.

Return type:

Self

model_copy(*, update: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None, deep: bool = False) → Self

!!! abstract “Usage Documentation”

[model_copy](../concepts/models.md#model-copy)

Returns a copy of the model.

!!! note

The underlying instance’s [__dict__][object.__dict__] attribute is copied. This might have unexpected side effects if you store anything in it, on top of the model fields (e.g. the value of [cached properties][functools.cached_property]).

Parameters:

• update (Mapping[str, Any] | None) – Values to change/add in the new model. Note: the data is not validated before creating the new model. You should trust this data.

• deep (bool) – Set to True to make a deep copy of the model.

Returns:

New model instance.

Return type:

Self

model_dump(*, mode: Literal['json', 'python'] | str = 'python', include: set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None = None, exclude: set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None = None, context: Any | None = None, by_alias: bool | None = None, exclude_unset: bool = False, exclude_defaults: bool = False, exclude_none: bool = False, exclude_computed_fields: bool = False, round_trip: bool = False, warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True, fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None, serialize_as_any: bool = False) → dict[str, Any]

!!! abstract “Usage Documentation”

[model_dump](../concepts/serialization.md#python-mode)

Generate a dictionary representation of the model, optionally specifying which fields to include or exclude.

Parameters:

• mode (Literal['json', 'python'] | str) – The mode in which to_python should run. If mode is ‘json’, the output will only contain JSON serializable types. If mode is ‘python’, the output may contain non-JSON-serializable Python objects.

• include (set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None) – A set of fields to include in the output.

• exclude (set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None) – A set of fields to exclude from the output.

• context (Any | None) – Additional context to pass to the serializer.

• by_alias (bool | None) – Whether to use the field’s alias in the dictionary key if defined.

• exclude_unset (bool) – Whether to exclude fields that have not been explicitly set.

• exclude_defaults (bool) – Whether to exclude fields that are set to their default value.

• exclude_none (bool) – Whether to exclude fields that have a value of None.

• exclude_computed_fields (bool) – Whether to exclude computed fields. While this can be useful for round-tripping, it is usually recommended to use the dedicated round_trip parameter instead.

• round_trip (bool) – If True, dumped values should be valid as input for non-idempotent types such as Json[T].

• warnings (bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error']) – How to handle serialization errors. False/”none” ignores them, True/”warn” logs errors, “error” raises a [PydanticSerializationError][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError].

• fallback (Callable[[Any], Any] | None) – A function to call when an unknown value is encountered. If not provided, a [PydanticSerializationError][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.

• serialize_as_any (bool) – Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.

Returns:

A dictionary representation of the model.

Return type:

dict[str, Any]

model_dump_json(*, indent: int | None = None, ensure_ascii: bool = False, include: set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None = None, exclude: set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None = None, context: Any | None = None, by_alias: bool | None = None, exclude_unset: bool = False, exclude_defaults: bool = False, exclude_none: bool = False, exclude_computed_fields: bool = False, round_trip: bool = False, warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True, fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None, serialize_as_any: bool = False) → str

!!! abstract “Usage Documentation”

[model_dump_json](../concepts/serialization.md#json-mode)

Generates a JSON representation of the model using Pydantic’s to_json method.

Parameters:

• indent (int | None) – Indentation to use in the JSON output. If None is passed, the output will be compact.

• ensure_ascii (bool) – If True, the output is guaranteed to have all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped. If False (the default), these characters will be output as-is.

• include (set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None) – Field(s) to include in the JSON output.

• exclude (set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | Mapping[str, set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, IncEx | bool] | bool] | None) – Field(s) to exclude from the JSON output.

• context (Any | None) – Additional context to pass to the serializer.

• by_alias (bool | None) – Whether to serialize using field aliases.

• exclude_unset (bool) – Whether to exclude fields that have not been explicitly set.

• exclude_defaults (bool) – Whether to exclude fields that are set to their default value.

• exclude_none (bool) – Whether to exclude fields that have a value of None.

• exclude_computed_fields (bool) – Whether to exclude computed fields. While this can be useful for round-tripping, it is usually recommended to use the dedicated round_trip parameter instead.

• round_trip (bool) – If True, dumped values should be valid as input for non-idempotent types such as Json[T].

• warnings (bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error']) – How to handle serialization errors. False/”none” ignores them, True/”warn” logs errors, “error” raises a [PydanticSerializationError][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError].

• fallback (Callable[[Any], Any] | None) – A function to call when an unknown value is encountered. If not provided, a [PydanticSerializationError][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.

• serialize_as_any (bool) – Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.

Returns:

A JSON string representation of the model.

Return type:

str

property model_extra: dict[str, Any] | None

Get extra fields set during validation.

Returns:

A dictionary of extra fields, or None if config.extra is not set to “allow”.

model_fields = {'connectivity': FieldInfo(annotation=int, required=False, default=2, description='Pixel connectivity for connected-component labelling. ``1`` for 4-connectivity; ``2`` for 8-connectivity. Use ``2`` (default) to bridge single-pixel diagonal gaps in Canny edge contours, preventing spurious region splits at diagonal steps.', metadata=[Ge(ge=1), Le(le=2), TuneSpec(low=None, high=None, step=None, log=False, categories=(1, 2), tunable=True)]), 'high_threshold': FieldInfo(annotation=float, required=False, default=0.2, description='Upper hysteresis gate that seeds new edge chains. Must exceed ``low_threshold``. A higher value seeds fewer but more confident edge segments; a lower value seeds more chains at the risk of noise-seeded spurious regions. A 2:1 to 3:1 high-to-low ratio is effective for moderately noisy images. Typical quantile', metadata=[TuneSpec(low=0.2, high=0.4, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)]), 'invert_edges': FieldInfo(annotation=bool, required=False, default=True, description='When ``True`` (default), the binary edge map is inverted before labelling so that non-edge regions can become colony objects. Set to ``False`` to label the edge pixels themselves, which is useful for inspecting edge closure and gap locations during parameter tuning. Default: True.'), 'low_threshold': FieldInfo(annotation=float, required=False, default=0.1, description='Lower hysteresis gate. When ``use_quantiles`` is ``True``, interpreted as a fractional rank of gradient magnitudes (0.1 retains edges stronger than 10 % of all measured gradients). When ``False``, an absolute gradient value requiring per-setup calibration. Raise to prune weak noise-driven edge fragments; lower to recover faint boundaries on low-contrast colonies. Typical quantile range: 0.05--0.2. Default: 0.1.', metadata=[TuneSpec(low=0.05, high=0.2, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)]), 'min_size': FieldInfo(annotation=int, required=False, default=50, description='Minimum connected-region area in pixels. Regions smaller than this are discarded as dust, debris, or condensation droplets after labelling. Typical range: 20--500 px, scaling with image resolution. Default: 50.', metadata=[Ge(ge=1), TuneSpec(low=20, high=500, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)]), 'sigma': FieldInfo(annotation=float, required=False, default=1.0, description='Standard deviation of the Gaussian pre-smoothing kernel in pixels. Larger values suppress high-frequency noise but broaden edge profiles and may merge boundaries of closely spaced colonies. Typical range: 0.5--3.0. Default: 1.0. A reasonable starting point for noisy CCD images or plates with fine colony texture is 2.0--3.0.', metadata=[Gt(gt=0.0), TuneSpec(low=0.5, high=3.0, step=None, log=False, categories=None, tunable=True)]), 'use_quantiles': FieldInfo(annotation=bool, required=False, default=True, description='When ``True`` (default), thresholds are interpreted as gradient-magnitude percentile ranks, adapting automatically to image contrast across batches with variable scanner gain or illumination. When ``False``, thresholds are absolute gradient values for tightly controlled imaging conditions. Default: True.')}

property model_fields_set: set[str]

Returns the set of fields that have been explicitly set on this model instance.

Returns:

A set of strings representing the fields that have been set,

i.e. that were not filled from defaults.

classmethod model_json_schema(by_alias: bool = True, ref_template: str = '#/$defs/{model}', schema_generator: type[~pydantic.json_schema.GenerateJsonSchema] = <class 'pydantic.json_schema.GenerateJsonSchema'>, mode: ~typing.Literal['validation', 'serialization'] = 'validation', *, union_format: ~typing.Literal['any_of', 'primitive_type_array'] = 'any_of') → dict[str, Any]

Generates a JSON schema for a model class.

Parameters:

• by_alias (bool) – Whether to use attribute aliases or not.

• ref_template (str) – The reference template.

• union_format (Literal['any_of', 'primitive_type_array']) –

  The format to use when combining schemas from unions together. Can be one of:

  • ’any_of’: Use the [anyOf](https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/combining#anyOf)

  keyword to combine schemas (the default). - ‘primitive_type_array’: Use the [type](https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/type) keyword as an array of strings, containing each type of the combination. If any of the schemas is not a primitive type (string, boolean, null, integer or number) or contains constraints/metadata, falls back to any_of.

• schema_generator (type[GenerateJsonSchema]) – To override the logic used to generate the JSON schema, as a subclass of GenerateJsonSchema with your desired modifications

• mode (Literal['validation', 'serialization']) – The mode in which to generate the schema.

Returns:

The JSON schema for the given model class.

Return type:

dict[str, Any]

classmethod model_parametrized_name(params: tuple[type[Any], ...]) → str

Compute the class name for parametrizations of generic classes.

This method can be overridden to achieve a custom naming scheme for generic BaseModels.

Parameters:

params (tuple[type[Any], ...]) – Tuple of types of the class. Given a generic class Model with 2 type variables and a concrete model Model[str, int], the value (str, int) would be passed to params.

Returns:

String representing the new class where params are passed to cls as type variables.

Raises:

TypeError – Raised when trying to generate concrete names for non-generic models.

Return type:

str

model_post_init(_BaseOperation__context: Any) → None

Initialize logging and memory tracking after model construction.

Replaces the legacy __init__ body: creates the per-class logger and, when that logger is enabled for INFO level or higher, starts tracemalloc so per-operation memory usage can be logged.

Parameters:

• __context – Pydantic post-init context (unused).

• _BaseOperation__context (Any)

Return type:

None

classmethod model_rebuild(*, force: bool = False, raise_errors: bool = True, _parent_namespace_depth: int = 2, _types_namespace: MappingNamespace | None = None) → bool | None

Try to rebuild the pydantic-core schema for the model.

This may be necessary when one of the annotations is a ForwardRef which could not be resolved during the initial attempt to build the schema, and automatic rebuilding fails.

Parameters:

• force (bool) – Whether to force the rebuilding of the model schema, defaults to False.

• raise_errors (bool) – Whether to raise errors, defaults to True.

• _parent_namespace_depth (int) – The depth level of the parent namespace, defaults to 2.

• _types_namespace (MappingNamespace | None) – The types namespace, defaults to None.

Returns:

Returns None if the schema is already “complete” and rebuilding was not required. If rebuilding _was_ required, returns True if rebuilding was successful, otherwise False.

Return type:

bool | None

classmethod model_validate(obj: Any, *, strict: bool | None = None, extra: Literal['allow', 'ignore', 'forbid'] | None = None, from_attributes: bool | None = None, context: Any | None = None, by_alias: bool | None = None, by_name: bool | None = None) → Self

Validate a pydantic model instance.

Parameters:

• obj (Any) – The object to validate.

• strict (bool | None) – Whether to enforce types strictly.

• extra (Literal['allow', 'ignore', 'forbid'] | None) – Whether to ignore, allow, or forbid extra data during model validation. See the [extra configuration value][pydantic.ConfigDict.extra] for details.

• from_attributes (bool | None) – Whether to extract data from object attributes.

• context (Any | None) – Additional context to pass to the validator.

• by_alias (bool | None) – Whether to use the field’s alias when validating against the provided input data.

• by_name (bool | None) – Whether to use the field’s name when validating against the provided input data.

Raises:

ValidationError – If the object could not be validated.

Returns:

The validated model instance.

Return type:

Self

classmethod model_validate_json(json_data: str | bytes | bytearray, *, strict: bool | None = None, extra: Literal['allow', 'ignore', 'forbid'] | None = None, context: Any | None = None, by_alias: bool | None = None, by_name: bool | None = None) → Self

!!! abstract “Usage Documentation”

[JSON Parsing](../concepts/json.md#json-parsing)

Validate the given JSON data against the Pydantic model.

Parameters:

• json_data (str | bytes | bytearray) – The JSON data to validate.

• strict (bool | None) – Whether to enforce types strictly.

• extra (Literal['allow', 'ignore', 'forbid'] | None) – Whether to ignore, allow, or forbid extra data during model validation. See the [extra configuration value][pydantic.ConfigDict.extra] for details.

• context (Any | None) – Extra variables to pass to the validator.

• by_alias (bool | None) – Whether to use the field’s alias when validating against the provided input data.

• by_name (bool | None) – Whether to use the field’s name when validating against the provided input data.

Returns:

The validated Pydantic model.

Raises:

ValidationError – If json_data is not a JSON string or the object could not be validated.

Return type:

Self

classmethod model_validate_strings(obj: Any, *, strict: bool | None = None, extra: Literal['allow', 'ignore', 'forbid'] | None = None, context: Any | None = None, by_alias: bool | None = None, by_name: bool | None = None) → Self

Validate the given object with string data against the Pydantic model.

Parameters:

• obj (Any) – The object containing string data to validate.

• strict (bool | None) – Whether to enforce types strictly.

• extra (Literal['allow', 'ignore', 'forbid'] | None) – Whether to ignore, allow, or forbid extra data during model validation. See the [extra configuration value][pydantic.ConfigDict.extra] for details.

• context (Any | None) – Extra variables to pass to the validator.

• by_alias (bool | None) – Whether to use the field’s alias when validating against the provided input data.

• by_name (bool | None) – Whether to use the field’s name when validating against the provided input data.

Returns:

The validated Pydantic model.

Return type:

Self

classmethod parse_file(path: str | Path, *, content_type: str | None = None, encoding: str = 'utf8', proto: DeprecatedParseProtocol | None = None, allow_pickle: bool = False) → Self

Parameters:

• path (str | Path)

• content_type (str | None)

• encoding (str)

• proto (DeprecatedParseProtocol | None)

• allow_pickle (bool)

Return type:

Self

classmethod parse_obj(obj: Any) → Self

Parameters:

obj (Any)

Return type:

Self

classmethod parse_raw(b: str | bytes, *, content_type: str | None = None, encoding: str = 'utf8', proto: DeprecatedParseProtocol | None = None, allow_pickle: bool = False) → Self

Parameters:

• b (str | bytes)

• content_type (str | None)

• encoding (str)

• proto (DeprecatedParseProtocol | None)

• allow_pickle (bool)

Return type:

Self

classmethod schema(by_alias: bool = True, ref_template: str = '#/$defs/{model}') → Dict[str, Any]

Parameters:

• by_alias (bool)

• ref_template (str)

Return type:

Dict[str, Any]

classmethod schema_json(*, by_alias: bool = True, ref_template: str = '#/$defs/{model}', **dumps_kwargs: Any) → str

Parameters:

• by_alias (bool)

• ref_template (str)

• dumps_kwargs (Any)

Return type:

str

to_json(filepath: str | Path | None = None) → str | None

Serialize this operation to JSON.

Captures the operation as a {"class", "params"} envelope: params is model_dump(mode="json") (every declared field, including nested operations and raw arrays; PrivateAttr state such as loggers and timing is excluded automatically), and class records the concrete class name so from_json() can rebuild the right subclass. This mirrors ImagePipeline.to_json().

Parameters:

filepath (str | Path | None) – Optional path to write the JSON to. When None, the JSON string is returned instead. Accepts a str or Path.

Returns:

The JSON string when filepath is None, otherwise None.

Return type:

str | None

Example

>>> import tempfile
>>> from pathlib import Path
>>> from phenotypic.detect import OtsuDetector
>>> from phenotypic.sdk_ import CONFIG_SUFFIX_OPERATION, ensure_typed_json_suffix
>>> with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
...     p = Path(d) / "op.json"
...     saved = ensure_typed_json_suffix(p, CONFIG_SUFFIX_OPERATION)
...     OtsuDetector(ignore_zeros=True).to_json(p)
...     loaded = OtsuDetector.from_json(saved)
>>> loaded.ignore_zeros
True

classmethod update_forward_refs(**localns: Any) → None

Parameters:

localns (Any)

Return type:

None

classmethod validate(value: Any) → Self

Parameters:

value (Any)

Return type:

Self

widget(image: Image | None = None, show: bool = False) → Widget

Return (and optionally display) the root widget.

Parameters:

• image (Image | None) – Optional image to visualize. If provided, visualization controls will be added to the widget.

• show (bool) – Whether to display the widget immediately. Defaults to False.

Returns:

The root widget.

Return type:

ipywidgets.Widget

Raises:

ImportError – If ipywidgets or IPython are not installed.